Archaeology of Zilum

Zilum, a settlement of the Gajiganna culture, is situated in northeastern Nigeria, dated to approximately 600-400 BCE. The site spans around 12 hectares, characterized by its flat landscape on a sand ridge, with a clay depression to the south. Archaeological investigations reveal that Zilum is part of Gajiganna Phase III, a period marking a transition between the Late Stone Age and Early Iron Age. The settlement is notable for its numerous storage pits, ditch-and-rampart defensive structures, and the presence of varied craft activities such as pottery and leather goods production. Despite the absence of direct evidence of iron working, the site provides insights into sedentary lifestyles and food security strategies, primarily reliant on pearl millet cultivation. Zilum’s significance lies in its demonstration of early agricultural practices and community organization within the Chad Basin.